Average company secretary salary - We are delighted to present Taylor Root’s Company secretarial salary guide for 2022 covering FTSE listed companies, financial services, professional services and the not-for-profit sector. Taylor Root has been producing salary guides for many years and our data and market information is relied upon by Company Secretaries, General Counsels and …

 
Feb 14, 2024 · High $24.46 Non-cash benefit 401 (k) View more benefits The average salary for a secretary is $17.26 per hour in the United States. 4.6k salaries reported, updated at February 14, 2024 Is this useful? Maybe Salaries by years of experience in the United States View job openings with the years of experience that is relevant to you on Indeed View jobs . Walmart supercenter south state road springfield pa

The average salary for Company Secretary is AED 4,002 per month in the Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The average additional cash compensation for a Company Secretary in the Dubai, United Arab Emirates is AED 2, with a range from AED 2 - AED 2. Salaries estimates are based on 5 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by …A NASCAR crew chief will average around $200,000 a year on the job, but the more successful crew chiefs can earn upwards of $1 million a year. NASCAR crew chiefs get bonuses and ot...An Entry Level Company Secretary Trainee with less than three years of experience earns an average salary of ₹2.0 Lakhs per year. A mid-career Company Secretary Trainee with 4-9 years of experience earns an average salary of ₹3.0 Lakhs per year, while an experienced Company Secretary Trainee with 10-20 years of experience …Average salary for Company Secretary / Mumbai is 833,876 INR per year. The most typical earning is 582,316 INR. All data are based on 2 salary surveys. Salaries are different between men and women. Men receive an average salary of n/a. Women receive a salary of 757,010 INR.The estimated total pay for a Company Secretary is MYR 35,000 per month in the Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia area, with an average salary of MYR 3,000 per month. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users.The average company secretary salary in the USA is $39,975 per year or $19.22 per hour. Entry level positions start at $35,100 per year while most experienced workers make up to $124,948 per year.Feb 13, 2024 · The average company secretary gross salary in Ireland is €130,248 or an equivalent hourly rate of €63. In addition, they earn an average bonus of €26,727. Salary estimates based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in Ireland. An entry level company secretary (1-3 years of experience) earns an ... The average salary for Legal Secretary is £35,776 per year in the London. The average additional cash compensation for a Legal Secretary in the London is £1,257, with a range from £727 - £2,173. Salaries estimates are based on 479 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by Legal Secretary employees in London.As the demand for healthcare professionals continues to rise, nurse practitioners (NPs) have become an integral part of the healthcare system. They play a vital role in providing p...May 19, 2023 ... Mid-Level: ₹6 – ₹15 lakhs per annum With a few years of experience, company secretaries can expect a significant hike in their salary. The ...Apr 29, 2019 · Average Salary / Company Secretary / Mauritius. Average salary for Company Secretary / Mauritius is 1,332,361 MUR per year. The most typical earning is 310,243 MUR. All data are based on 3 salary surveys. Salaries are different between men and women. Men receive an average salary of n/a. Women receive a salary of 1,334,045 MUR. Aug 31, 2023 ... ... Company Secretary CS Executive CSEET CS Professional Company Secretary career. ... Starting Salary of Company Secretary : What is Your Expectation ...Feb 4, 2024 · Average : HK$42,125 Range : HK$20,750 - HK$87,500. The average salary for Company Secretary is HK$72,125 per month in the Hong Kong. The average …5 days ago · The average company secretary gross salary in Dubai, United Arab Emirates is 506,753 د.إ.‏ or an equivalent hourly rate of 244 د.إ.‏. This is 3% higher (+14,971 د.إ.‏) than the average company secretary salary in United Arab Emirates. In addition, they earn an average bonus of 103,986 د.إ.‏. Dec 4, 2023 · Average : $10,696 Range : $3,125 - $23,598. The average salary for Company Secretary is $131,471 per year in the Australia. The average additional cash …Advertising. Average salary for Company Secretary / United Kingdom is £48,662 GBP per year. The most typical earning is £29,060 GBP. All data are based on 11 salary surveys. Salaries are different between men and women. Men receive an average salary of £45,475 GBP. Women receive a salary of £40,135 GBP. Based on education, the highest ...Jun 10, 2023 ... WhatsApp us For FREE 1 to 1 Counselling Session : Click here and book your spot - https://wa.link/54i992 ---- Subscribe to Ekcel academy ...Private limited companies Position Average base salary range Bonus Company Secretary 120,000-160,000+ 20-40% Deputy Company Secretary 90,000-120,000 10-30% Assistant Company Secretary 45,000 -80,000 10-20% Company Secretarial Assistant 30,000-45,000 0-10% Trainee Company Secretary 25,000-30,000 0-10% Car allowance …May 15, 2023 · The national average salary for a company secretary is £21,673 per year. Salaries vary depending on the size and type of organisation, geographical location and sector. Salaries vary depending on the size and type of organisation, geographical location and sector. The average annual salary in 1970 was $6,186.24, according to the Social Security Administration. This was up considerably from 1960, when the average annual salary was just over $...The average salary for a secretary is $80,827 per year in Australia. 97 salaries reported, updated at 9 February 2024. Is this useful? Maybe. Top companies for Secretaries in Australia. Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District. 3.5. 8 reviews 5 salaries reported. $68,438 per year.The estimated total pay for a Company Secretary is MYR 27,225 per month in the Malaysia area, with an average salary of MYR 3,225 per month. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users. The estimated …AED 12K. The estimated total pay for a Secretary is AED 12,000 per month in the Dubai, United Arab Emirates area, with an average salary of AED 4,000 per month. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users.Sep 27, 2023 · The average salary for a Secretary in United Arab Emirates is AED 40,741 in 2024. Visit PayScale to research secretary salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more. Feb 4, 2024 · Average : HK$42,125 Range : HK$20,750 - HK$87,500. The average salary for Company Secretary is HK$72,125 per month in the Hong Kong. The average …The average salary for Corporate Secretary is $108,604 per year in the Canada. The average additional cash compensation for a Corporate Secretary in the Canada is $18,632, with a range from $10,804 - $32,131. Salaries estimates are based on 21 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by Corporate Secretary employees in …Average Salary / Company Secretary / India. Advertising. Average salary for Company Secretary / India is 846,521 INR per year. The most typical earning is 582,316 INR. All data are based on 12 salary surveys. Salaries are different between men and women. Men receive an average salary of 532,403 INR. Women receive a salary of 1,048,168 INR. 6 days ago · The average company secretary gross salary in South Africa is R1,304,953 or an equivalent hourly rate of R627. In addition, they earn an average bonus of R267,776. Salary estimates based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in South Africa. An entry level company secretary (1-3 years of experience ... The average salary for Legal Secretary is £26,159 per year in the United Kingdom. The average additional cash compensation for a Legal Secretary in the United Kingdom is £1,020, with a range from £532 - £1,954. Salaries estimates are based on 1315 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by Legal Secretary employees in United …The estimated total pay for a Company Secretary is MYR 35,000 per month in the Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia area, with an average salary of MYR 3,000 per month. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users.The average salary for a secretary is RM 3,070 per month in Malaysia. 807 salaries reported, updated at 11 February 2024. Is this useful? Maybe. Top companies for Secretaries in Malaysia. Rank Alpha Technologies Sdn Bhd. 1.8. 13 reviews 5 salaries reported. RM 2,318 per month. Is this useful?The average secretary salary in Australia is $75,271 per year or $38.60 per hour. ... The Role An exciting opportunity now exists for an experienced Assistant Company Secretary to join a.. The Assistant Company Secretary reports to the Corporate Secretary (Pacific) and provides meeting.. $420 - $560 per day.Jun 22, 2023 ... WhatsApp us for a FREE 1 to 1 Counselling Session: Click Here and Book your Spot: https://bit.ly/Ekcelquery Join our Whatsapp Community to ...The average salary for a Secretary is HK$19,955 per month in Hong Kong. Learn about salaries, benefits, salary satisfaction and where you could earn the most. Home. ... Top companies for Secretaries in Hong Kong. AIA Group Limited. 3.9. 426 reviews 8 salaries reported. HK$17,135 per month. Is this useful?The average salary for Company Secretary is US$216,620 per year in the United States. The average additional cash compensation for a Company Secretary in the United States is US$53,562, with a range from US$40,172 - US$74,987. Salaries estimates are based on 67 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by Company Secretary …The average salary for a Corporate Secretary is $79,622 in 2024. Visit PayScale to research corporate secretary salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more.The average legal secretary salary in South Africa is R 204 000 per year or R 105 per hour. ... R 30000 Cost To CompanyManufacture company based in Germiston is looking for an exceptional Secretary for the CEO. The company has been operating for more than 30.. R 25000 - R 30000. Legal Secretary Pretoria, Gauteng. FREERECRUIT.CO.ZA ...The average salary for a Secretary in Malaysia is RM 44,581 in 2024. Visit PayScale to research secretary salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more.CS salary in India, according to payscale is around INR 1.5 - 3 LPA. This Company Secretary's salary in India can differ according to many factors like location, education level, experience, expertise, etc. Below is a list of average payscale for CS: Range. Average Salary. Highest.Average Salary / Company Secretary / Perth. Average salary for Company Secretary / Perth is 126,131 AUD per year. The most typical earning is 121,971 AUD. All data are based on 1 salary surveys. Salaries are different between men and women. Men receive an average salary of n/a. Women receive a salary of 126,136 AUD. The average salary for a Corporate Secretary in Malaysia is RM 55,468 in 2024. Visit PayScale to research corporate secretary salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more.The estimated total pay for a Board Secretary is $120,649 per year in the United States area, with an average salary of $110,311 per year. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users. The estimated additional pay is …The average salary for a Secretary in Saudi Arabia is SAR 41,268 in 2024. ... of must businesses because they serve as one of the first points of contact between a customer or client and the company.According to the most recent statistics published salaries, which came out for the year 2017, surgical technicians made an average of $46,310, reports Rasmussen College.Average salary for Company Secretary / Malaysia is 77,871 MYR per year. The most typical earning is 32,165 MYR. All data are based on 6 salary surveys. Salaries are different between men and women. Men receive an average salary of 44,571 MYR. Women receive a salary of 84,548 MYR. Based on education, the highest salaries receive people with ... Jan 26, 2024 · The highest Secretary salary is $42,327, while the lowest is $27,901 in the United States. As a Secretary, I make an average base salary of $32,044 per Year in the US. Finger out salary benefits for Secretary. The estimated total pay for a Secretary/Treasurer is $155,162 per year in the United States area, with an average salary of $137,295 per year. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users.Jan 17, 2024 · The average salary for a Corporate Secretary in Malaysia is RM 55,468 in 2024. Visit PayScale to research corporate secretary salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more. The average salary for Company Secretary is €54,534 per year in the Ireland. The average additional cash compensation for a Company Secretary in the Ireland is €4,534, with a range from €3,000 - €7,000. Salaries estimates are based on 56 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by Company Secretary employees in Ireland.The average Corporate Secretary salary in the United States is $233,620 as of January 26, 2024, but the range typically falls between $188,128 and $292,238. Salary ranges can vary widely depending on many important factors, including education, certifications, additional skills, the number of years you have spent in your profession. Sep 14, 2023 · The average secretary salary ranges between $26,000 and $51,000 in the US. Secretaries' hourly rates in the US typically range between $12 and $24 an hour. Secretaries earn the highest salaries in California ($46,054), Connecticut ($43,775), and Massachusetts ($43,694). The average company secretary salary in the United Kingdom is £50,000 per year or £25.64 per hour. Entry level positions start at £35,003 per year while most experienced workers make up to £70,265 per year. 1 day ago · According to our salary calculator, the average annual salary for Company Secretaries working in London is £85,000 - £150,000. Company Secretaries: We've got …The estimated total pay for a Company Secretary is NGN 1,840,000 per month in the Lagos area, with an average salary of NGN 340,000 per month. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users. The …The average salary for a secretary is $80,827 per year in Australia. 97 salaries reported, updated at 9 February 2024. Is this useful? Maybe. Top companies for Secretaries in Australia. Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District. 3.5. 8 reviews 5 salaries reported. $68,438 per year.3 days ago · The average company secretary gross salary in India is ₹28,25,739 or an equivalent hourly rate of ₹1,359. In addition, they earn an average bonus of ₹5,79,842. Salary estimates based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in India. An entry level company secretary (1-3 years of experience) earns an ... An Entry Level Company Secretary with less than three years of experience earns an average salary of ₹4.2 Lakhs per year. A mid-career Company Secretary with 4-9 years of experience earns an average salary of ₹7.2 Lakhs per year, while an experienced Company Secretary with 10-20 years of experience earns an average …The national average salary for a Board secretary is £45,482 in United Kingdom. Filter by location to see Board secretary salaries in your area. ... Company has raised about $80M, just crossed $10M revenue mark and has 100 employees. Role serves as corporate secretary, will be building a team, reports to COO, sits on exec team. SF …Dec 29, 2023 · The average salary for a Corporate Secretary in Australia is AU$91,669 in 2024. Visit PayScale to research corporate secretary salaries by city, experience, skill, …Dec 29, 2023 · The average salary for a Corporate Secretary in Australia is AU$97,529 in 2024. Visit PayScale to research corporate secretary salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more. Medical assistants are an integral part of the healthcare industry, providing support to physicians and other medical staff. With the increasing demand for healthcare services, med...Feb 14, 2024 · The estimated total pay for a Secretary is $48,715 per year in the United States area, with an average salary of $45,600 per year. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users. The estimated additional pay is $3,114 per year. In today’s competitive job market, employee retention has become a top priority for many companies. One effective strategy that businesses are using to retain their top talent is b...Jan 25, 2024 · The average salary for a Corporate Secretary is $79,622 in 2024 Base Salary $49k - $152k Bonus $1k - $22k Profit Sharing $0 - $18k Total Pay $37k - $148k Based on 152 salary profiles... Feb 15, 2024 · The average company secretary gross salary in Malaysia is RM226,318 or an equivalent hourly rate of RM109. In addition, they earn an average bonus of RM46,440. Salary estimates based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in Malaysia. An entry level company secretary (1-3 years of experience) earns an ... Jan 25, 2024 · The Company Secretary’s Salary in the UK depends on factors like job title, location, and organization. The average salary in the UK for an assistant company secretary is ₹ 63,85,239, and the salary for a trainee company secretary is ₹ 32,53,881. Let’s get into the salary you can expect in different roles to give you a clearer idea. The average salary for Company Secretary is ₹7,44,096 per year in the Mumbai. The average additional cash compensation for a Company Secretary in the Mumbai is ₹44,096, with a range from ₹24,425 - ₹1,12,500. Salaries estimates are based on 184 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by Company Secretary employees in Mumbai.The average company secretary salary in the USA is $39,975 per year or $19.22 per hour. Entry level positions start at $35,100 per year while most experienced workers make up to $124,948 per year.The average salary for Company Secretary is ₹7,44,096 per year in the Mumbai. The average additional cash compensation for a Company Secretary in the Mumbai is ₹44,096, with a range from ₹24,425 - ₹1,12,500. Salaries estimates are based on 184 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by Company Secretary employees in Mumbai. The average salary for a Secretary of the Board is $69,941 in 2024. Visit PayScale to research secretary of the board salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more. ... 100% company ...Average Salary / Company Secretary / Sri Lanka. Advertising. Average salary for Company Secretary / Sri Lanka is 54,891,791 LKR per year. The most typical earning is 53,621,450 LKR. All data are based on 1 salary surveys. Salaries are different between men and women. Men receive an average salary of 54,888,866 LKR. Women receive a salary of n/a. The average salary for Company Secretary is ₹7,75,000 per year in the Chennai. The average additional cash compensation for a Company Secretary in the Chennai is ₹75,000, with a range from ₹27,250 - ₹1,84,890. Salaries estimates are based on 27 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by Company Secretary employees …Average salary for Company Secretary / Sri Lanka is 54,891,791 LKR per year. The most typical earning is 53,621,450 LKR. All data are based on 1 salary surveys. Salaries are different between men and women. Men receive an average salary of 54,888,866 LKR. Women receive a salary of n/a.A$97k. 90%. A$147k. The average salary for an Assistant Corporate Secretary is AU$97,215 in 2024. Base Salary. AU$50k - AU$147k. Bonus. AU$0 - AU$10k.6 days ago · The average company secretary gross salary in South Africa is R1,304,953 or an equivalent hourly rate of R627. In addition, they earn an average bonus of R267,776. Salary estimates based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in South Africa. An entry level company secretary (1-3 years of experience ... Dec 30, 2023 ... Share your videos with friends, family, and the world.Jan 18, 2024 · The average salary for a Secretary in South Africa is R135,364 in 2024. Visit PayScale to research secretary salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more. The average salary for Company Secretary is ₹6,50,000 per year in the New Delhi. The average additional cash compensation for a Company Secretary in the New Delhi is ₹50,000, with a range from ₹15,000 - ₹99,900. Salaries estimates are based on 224 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by Company Secretary employees in …The average salary for a Corporate Secretary is ₱352,337 in 2024. Base Salary. ₱59k - ₱980k. Bonus. ₱-25 - ₱117k. Profit Sharing. ₱0 - ₱100k. Total Pay. ₱73k - ₱1m.The national average salary for a Company secretary is $57,622 in Canada. Filter by location to see Company secretary salaries in your area. Salary estimates are based on 5 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by Company secretary employees. How accurate is a total pay range of $45K-$74K/yr? Low.The estimated total pay for a Company Secretary is $217,479 per year in the United States area, with an average salary of $163,804 per year. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users. The estimated …According to our salary calculator, the average annual salary for Company Secretarys working in London is £85,000 - £150,000. Advertising. Average salary for Company Secretary / United Kingdom is £48,662 GBP per year. The most typical earning is £29,060 GBP. All data are based on 11 salary surveys. Salaries are different between men and women. Men receive an average salary of £45,475 GBP. Women receive a salary of £40,135 GBP. Based on education, the highest ...In today’s competitive job market, attracting and retaining top talent is crucial for the success of any organization. One effective tool that companies can utilize to achieve this...The average salary for a Corporate Secretary is ₱352,337 in 2024. Base Salary. ₱59k - ₱980k. Bonus. ₱-25 - ₱117k. Profit Sharing. ₱0 - ₱100k. Total Pay. ₱73k - ₱1m.The average salary for a Deputy Company Secretary is £68,770 per year in United Kingdom. Salaries estimates are based on 9 salaries submitted anonymously to Glassdoor by a Deputy Company Secretary employees in United Kingdom.

The average hourly pay for a Secretary is C$18.02 in 2024. Hourly Rate. C$15 - C$23. Bonus. C$251 - C$3k. Total Pay. C$32k - C$50k. Based on 141 salary profiles (last updated Jan 13 2024). Navigate to the dollar tree

average company secretary salary

Aug 31, 2023 ... ... Company Secretary CS Executive CSEET CS Professional Company Secretary career. ... Starting Salary of Company Secretary : What is Your Expectation ...The average Corporate Secretary salary in the United States is $233,095 as of December 27, 2023, but the range typically falls between $187,704 and $291,580. Salary ranges …Partners of Research LTD. Trading as Check-a-Salary. Registered address: The Carriage House, Mill Street, Maidstone, Kent, ME15 6YE with company number: 08521222. Trading address: Unit 4 The Mews, 16 Holly Bush Lane, Sevenoaks, TN13 3TH. The average Company Secretary salary in the UK is £52,753 annually, ranging from £35,000 to …Feb 12, 2024 · The average company secretary gross salary in Australia is $224,878 or an equivalent hourly rate of $108. In addition, they earn an average bonus of $46,145. Salary estimates based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in Australia. An entry level company secretary (1-3 years of experience) earns an ... The estimated total pay for a Company Secretary is $217,479 per year in the United States area, with an average salary of $163,804 per year. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users. The estimated …Dec 30, 2023 ... Share your videos with friends, family, and the world.The average company secretary gross salary in London, United Kingdom is £125,552 or an equivalent hourly rate of £60. This is 25% higher (+£25,228) than the average company secretary salary in United Kingdom. In addition, they earn an average bonus of £25,763.Trainee company secretaries generally start at £20,000 to £26,000 in the public sector, or £24,000 to £30,000 in the corporate sector. As an assistant company secretary, you can earn around £56,000 to £82,000. As a deputy company secretary, your salary will be in the region of £83,000 to £130,000. The top 25% can earn up to and above £ ...ZAR 563k. 90%. ZAR 1m. The average salary for a Corporate Secretary is R562,868 in 2024. Base Salary. R201k - R1m. Bonus. R10k - R145k. Total Pay.ZAR 308k. 90%. ZAR 499k. The average salary for an Executive Secretary is R307,660 in 2024. Base Salary. R99k - R499k. Bonus. R10k - R69k. Profit Sharing.A NASCAR crew chief will average around $200,000 a year on the job, but the more successful crew chiefs can earn upwards of $1 million a year. NASCAR crew chiefs get bonuses and ot...The average salary for a Secretary in Switzerland is 64,714 Fr. in 2024. Visit PayScale to research secretary salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more.For the 2012 NFL season, the median salary among NFL kickers and punters was $2 million. Salaries among the 64 full-time players ranged from $405,000 to $4 million.Trainee company secretaries generally start at £20,000 to £26,000 in the public sector, or £24,000 to £30,000 in the corporate sector. As an assistant company secretary, you can earn around £56,000 to £82,000. As a deputy company secretary, your salary will be in the region of £83,000 to £130,000. The top 25% can earn up to and above £ ...Jan 5, 2024 · The average company secretary gross salary in Singapore is $175,046 or an equivalent hourly rate of $84. In addition, they earn an average bonus of $35,919. Salary estimates based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in Singapore. An entry level company secretary (1-3 years of experience) earns an ... ZAR 434k. 90%. ZAR 690k. The average salary for an Assistant Corporate Secretary is R433,721 in 2024. Base Salary. R156k - R690k. Bonus. R10k - R65k. Total Pay.3 days ago · The average company secretary gross salary in India is ₹28,25,739 or an equivalent hourly rate of ₹1,359. In addition, they earn an average bonus of ₹5,79,842. Salary estimates based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in India. An entry level company secretary (1-3 years of experience) earns an ... The average salary for a Corporate Secretary in Malaysia is RM 55,468 in 2024. Visit PayScale to research corporate secretary salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more.Jan 5, 2024 · The average company secretary gross salary in Singapore is $175,046 or an equivalent hourly rate of $84. In addition, they earn an average bonus of $35,919. Salary estimates based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in Singapore. An entry level company secretary (1-3 years of experience) earns an ... .

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